![]() ![]() These improvements are possibly caused by CRF-related enhanced executive function, which is one of the foundations of academic performance ( Hillman et al., 2009, 2014 Pontifex et al., 2011 Voss et al., 2011 Scudder et al., 2016 DiPietro et al., 2019).Įxecutive function is a top-down and meta-cognitive function required for conducting complex and goal-oriented operations. The beneficial effects associated with higher CRF levels have been extended to academic performance in preadolescent school-aged children ( Donnelly et al., 2016 Ruiz-Ariza et al., 2017 Chu et al., 2019). A higher CRF level has been linked to a lower metabolic syndrome risk and a cardiovascular disease risk ( Twisk et al., 2000 Padilla-Moledo et al., 2012), increased volumes of certain cortical regions, and lower risks of depression and anxiety ( Biddle and Asare, 2011). Furthermore, the positive influence of CRF on shifting may be modulated by developed cortical maturation.Ĭardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), the direct indicator of individuals’ cardiovascular and respiratory systems’ overall capacity to perform physical activities, plays a critical role regarding physiological and psychological health. These findings suggest that CRF or age was generally associated with better performances in working memory and inhibitory control aspects of executive function. Notably, only the Old Group’s CRF was positively correlated with the accuracy in the switching condition of the Local-Global task. Preadolescent children with greater CRF levels were associated with higher response accuracy during the 2-back task and shorter response time across congruent and incongruent conditions of the Flanker task, whereas older children showed generally superior cognitive performance. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted for the 2-back task, the Flanker task, and the Local-Global task to assess the influence of CRF and age on working memory, inhibitory control, and shifting, respectively. Preadolescent children’s ( n = 338) CRF levels were estimated based on the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) test and then grouped into two age groups (Young Group: 9–10 years old and Old Group: 11–12 years old). Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to evaluate the simultaneous influence of CRF and age on three aspects of executive function. 6Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, TaiwanĬardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and age have been positively associated with children’s executive function however, few studies have simultaneously assessed the associations between both variables and different aspects of executive function among preadolescent children.5Department of Physical Education, Beijing Language and Culture University, Beijing, China.4Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.3Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan. ![]()
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